Ethopoeia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, ethopoeia means to put  oneself in the place of another so as to both understand and express his or her feelings more vividly. Ethopoeia is one  of the rhetorical exercises known as the  progymnasmata. Also called impersonation. Adjective: ethopoetic. From the point of view of a speechwriter, says  James J. Murphy, [e]thopoeia  is the ability to capture the ideas, words, and style of delivery suited to the person for whom the address is written. Even more so,  ethopoeia  involves adapting the speech to the exact conditions under which it is to be spoken (A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 2014). Commentary Ethopoeia was one of the earliest rhetorical techniques that the Greeks named; it denoted the construction--or simulation--of character in discourse, and was particularly apparent in the art of logographers, or speechwriters, who worked usually for those who had to defend themselves in court. A successful logographer, like Lysias, could create in a prepared speech an effective character for the accused, who would actually speak the words (Kennedy 1963, pp. 92, 136) . . .. Isocrates, the great teacher of rhetoric, noted that a speakers character was an important contribution to the persuasive effect of the speech. (Carolyn R. Miller, Writing in a Culture of Simulation. Towards a Rhetoric of Everyday Life, ed. by M. Nystrand and J. Duffy. University of Wisconsin Press, 2003) Two Kinds ofEthopoeia There are two kinds of  ethopoeia. One is a description of a characters moral and psychological characteristics; in this sense, it is a characteristic feature of portrait writing. . . . It can also be used as an argumentational strategy. In this sense ethopoeia involves putting oneself into someone elses shoes and imagining the feelings of the other person. (Michael Hawcroft,  Rhetoric: Readings in French Literature. Oxford University Press, 1999)   Ethopoeia in ShakespearesHenry IV, Part 1 Do thou stand for me, and Ill play my father... [T]here is a devil haunts thee, in the likeness of a fat old man; a tun of man is thy companion. Why dost thou converse with that trunk of humours, that bolting hutch of beastliness, that swolln parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years? Wherein is he good, but to taste sack and drink it? (Prince Hal impersonating his father, the king, while Falstaff--the fat old man--assumes the role of Prince Hal in Act II, Scene iv, of Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare)   Ethopoeia in Film By leaving out of the frame what a person cannot or does not see, and including only what he can or does, we are putting ourselves in his place--the figure ethopoeia. It is, when seen in another way, an ellipsis, the one that always lurks behind our backs... Philip Marlowe is sitting in his office, looking out of the window. The camera retreats from his back to bring in a shoulder, head, and hat of Moose Malloy, and as it does, something prompts Marlowe to turn his head. He and we become aware of Moose at the same time (Murder My Sweet, Edward Dmytryk)...The leaving out of the frame something expected in the normal course of events, or conversely, including the unusual, is a sign that what we are seeing may only exist in the awareness of one of the characters, projected into the world outside. (​N. Roy Clifton, The Figure in Film. Associated University Presses, 1983) Further Reading Ethopoeia in George Orwells A HangingProsopopoeiaCharacterEkphrasisIdentificationMimesisPersonaPersonificationWhat Are the Progymnasmata?

Mental Illness Is A Medical Condition That Disrupts A...

A mental illness is a medical condition that disrupts a person s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning.1 Mental illnesses can be grouped into two broad categories, each representing a different aspect of a mental disorder. Axis I diagnoses are inclusive of those disorders which are most familiar and widely recognized, and typically encompass the most acute symptoms that need immediate treatment (i.e. adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, etc).2 Axis II disorders are those defined by their permanence and nebulousness. They are generally life-long problems that arise in childhood and are much less responsive to treatment than Axis I disorders are. Axis II diagnoses are comprised of personality disorders and intellectual disabilities (i.e. antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, etc).3 Mental disorders are highly prevale nt in the United States, with approximately one in five adults (43.7 million individuals) experiencing a mental illness in 2012. Mental disorders disproportionately affect women (prevalence among women: 22% vs men: 14.9%), and younger individuals (prevalence among those 50 years old: 40.8% vs ≠¥ 50 years old: 15.8%).4 Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent and commonly diagnosed mental illnesses, with 18.1% of adults diagnosed with panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),Show MoreRelatedEssay on Speech: History of Mental Illness991 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech: History of Mental Illness Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how treatment of mental illness in America has changed. 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By understanding why a person commits a crime, you can develop ways to control crime orRead MoreMental Disorders And Criminal Behavior1293 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: MENTAL DISORDERS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior Courtney Edwards Thomas University Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide information on the distinct types of mental illnesses as they correlate with criminal behavior. There are so many disorders in which exist in today’s society. These include: schizophrenia, delusional disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, and so much more. Through compulsive researchRead MoreRelationship Between Mental Health And Addiction1470 Words   |  6 Pageslose your job and your family is in tatters. It s important to note that when substance abuse and mental illness co-occur specialized treatment is needed. 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There are a few key points to consider when determining if something is a social problem. Some elements of a social problem may be objective and some may be subjective. The first two objective points are first that there must be some existence of a social condition, or a situation that someone has in society. Second that problems are recognized either through the things we see, or through thingsRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesand explanation of two mental disorders and two mental illnesses all taken from the psychology perspective. As the reader will see, normal and abnormal psychology as well as the mental disorders and illnesses are common issues that could happen to any person or affect any family at any time. In addition to learning about the disorders and illnesses the reader will also learn about possible therapies for treating these mental disorders and illnesses. 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For this paper I am going to discuss and focus on bipolar I disorder being that it is the most severe form of this illness. Bipolar Disorder is a serious mental illness. Individuals with this disorder experience common

Wal-Mart Performance Free Essays

Globalization has had a positive impact on planning in Wal-mart organization. This is because Wal-mart stakeholders are able to estimate the profit it can make by allowing its cheaply manufactured and inexpensive goods and services to cross the borders and reach other countries of the world. (James, 1999) defines industry attractiveness as the prevailing situation in the core business of an organization which favors the specific organization for example in monotheistic business environment, a business is more likely to be favor in terms of business performance since it can manipulate market forces to its advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even in a market environment, less than 4 competitors are likely to influence the market situation to their advantage hence creating an attractive market environment. Wal-Mart’s performance has been termed as sterling by many business analysts. The chain has recorded a profit after taxes of above $200 billion. By applying concepts like vendor managed inventories as well as just-in-time concept, Wal-Mart has continued to maintain leadership in the retail market in the US. Wal-Mart endeavors to remain a low-cost retailer, and by that it has been very effective in maintaining market attractiveness. By all means Wal-Mart has achieved low cost retail prices mostly because it manages to source goods at the best possible market prices. This is possible through the strategy of replenishing stock daily in which it allows its key suppliers to access data on sales, which in turn ensures that stocks are supplied just in time. Wal-Mart has successfully cut expenses in that it is able to save costs which would otherwise have gone to hiring warehouses, paying for the storage and security of the goods in warehouses, the costs which goes with insurance as well as the risk of destruction resulting from fire, and other natural calamities as well as expiry of perishable goods. By paying the suppliers based on what is sold the company ensures a zero cost in inventories, this in turns affords the company an opportunity to lower prices since there are less expenditures. In long term, this contributes to industry attractiveness. The other area in which the company has achieved competitive advantage is in terms of adapting information systems. By doing that, Wal-Mart, has become a low cost producer in that it achieves effectiveness and therefore minimizing losses. The organization has set out to be a market leader. In terms of incorporating information technology, Wal-Mart has computerized its purchasing systems to incorporate E-purchasing. As a purchasing strategy, e-purchasing is economically reliable and cost effective. Compared to a competitor who does have not adopted the e-purchasing concept, Wal-mart has been able to save a lot of money and time. According to (Kendel, 2004), competitive advantage also depends on how companies utilize and take advantage of the buyer power. To this end, Wal-Mart has outshone all its competitors in that, it is refuted to be one of the organizations in the US, which has been able to get suppliers to act according to its terms. In fact some have argued that, it manipulates and coerces suppliers to enter into concessions, which end up benefiting the retailer but harming the suppliers. In terms of the threat of substitutes, it is widely believed that, Wal-Mart no longer competes with any one, it has taken virtual control and is a major player of the US economy leave alone the retail business. In terms of supplier power, the suppliers are no longer able to contain the pressure from Wal-Mart; there have been reports of CEO’s agreeing to terms, which end up harming their businesses. Wal-Mart as earlier mentioned often coerces its suppliers into deals, this is not the case with its competitors which do not necessarily have the power to match it. Finally Wal-Mart unlike so many of its rivals have been able to penetrate with ease and so far commands a good share of the retail business in the US. However, it is Wal-Mart’s expansive sales returns that continue to put it ahead of competitors in that, they can powerfully bargain with suppliers for best offers, which on their part the competitors cannot match. By integrating IT through out the whole retail chain Wal-mart ensures that, its partners are free and feel respected and therefore trade is done in an environment of cordial relationships. With a retail network of over 140 branches all over the world, the management styles as well Wal-Mart’s purchasing, distribution and warehousing, in-store operations, marketing, Information Technology, Human Resource Management, and organization and management systems/style have to be maintained at a high notch. Otherwise, it would be impossible for the outlets to achieve unity of purpose. With such a huge work force, success can only be achieved only if there is proper human resource management. The organization has introduced performance based pay, which has gone down very well with the employees. A well motivated staff is the greatest asset for a company and therefore Wal-Mart has been able to achieve that through introducing modern employee management systems which aims at ensuring that, the best staff are retained and also that, staff get well compensated for their hard-work. This has given Wal-Mart a cutting edge advantage, in that, it is able to attract and keep the best workers. In terms of supplies, Wal-Mart has been able to cut lead time after streamlining its supply chain management. By doing that, Wal-Mart have come to be regarded as the industries leaders in terms of efficiency and cost cutting. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the world’s largest retailer with over $200 billion worthy of annual sales. The organization has adopted various strategies to become and remain a market leader in the industry. Of all strategies, it is its low cost of products that has made the biggest contribution to its market attractiveness as well as its competitive advantage. Human resource management. According to available statistics, the company has over 1. 3 million employees also known as associates, it is spends a lot on employee development something which gives it a competitive edge as one of the most preferred employers. Wal-Mart has been ranked by the Fortune magazine as one of the most admired places in the world. This translates to attractiveness to both business partners and customers. Also as a strategy in supplies management the organization has avoided reliance on single suppliers but has instead engaged different suppliers. This helps in ensuring that, the suppliers do not dictate the terms since they are aware that they can be substituted. This is effective in that, it becomes very hard for suppliers to collaborate and decide the terms for the organization. Wal-Mart also ensures proper communication through the setting up of a satellite network, which interlinks all its branches to a central command. This has seen the company investing heavily in information technology, which in return has ensured that the company achieves economies of scale. Competitive advantage. Kmart is one of the key competitors which has found the going getting tough and has almost been left struggling to remain in business. The fact that, Wal-Mart controls over 70% of the retail business clearly shows that, the competition is not as stiff. Therefore, Wal-Mart is poised to remain a force even into the foreseeable future. The threats which it should deal with and undertake to solve include: negative publicity in that, the fact that it drives many other businesses out of business can lead to harmful price wars which could lead to the company loosing its current market share. Management Systems Several, problems and challenges such as shoplifting caused the company to invest in costly surveillance systems aimed at addressing the arising issues. Managers at Wal-Mart are motivated in that, the organization always rewards creativity and effort as well as originality. This has been a plus for the company as productivity is always related with highly motivated staff as well as employees who can identify well with the organization. Its people-friendly approach has led to such a good relationships with customers that, a very loyal client base has been achieved. By adopting new technology, production, administration and leadership in the company are one of the best in the world. The styles from other successful organizations of the world so that it can experience great success. Wal-Mart has now heavily invested in technology like computerized tracking systems, which enables them to track supply and monitor progress. Wal-Mart has experienced rapid growth partly due to a human resource policy, which handles. Globalization has enabled the organnization to expand the organization from rural small towns to urban areas. Also Wal-Mart enjoys a very loyal consumer base. Globalization has also enabled the leadership of Wal-Mart to expand the organization to so many areas externally, where they attract a lot of customers therefore making lots of profit. This has been achieved by lowering the prices of the goods, as a result of global nature of manufacturing. In terms of sustainability, Wal-Mart’s strategy is market tested and it is very likely that, customers will always go for cheaper quality and therefore the strategy of low-cost will lead the organization from success to success. The fact that, Wal-Mart does not spend on inventories but uses a system where by delivery of goods is done by the suppliers saves the company a lot of money. This affects prices f commodities in that, so many suppliers want to engage the organization in business and therefore are willing to operate under terms that the organization dictates. Wal-Mart although has been favored by globalization needs to be wary of emerging issues such as the ones touching on ethics. Other threats for Wal-Mart include: Ethically, it has been accused of oppressing suppliers to an extent whereby, they are forced to lay-off employees hence causing joblessness as well as leading to closure of manufacturing plants on the US in favor of imports which are cheaper and therefore can be distributed to the retailer at much cheaper rates. Bargaining power is another crucial strength for the company, it virtually controls all the decisions or contracts entered with other companies that is, suppliers. Wal-Mart engages in a continuous improvement campaign in what consumers view as being on the move every time. To consumers and customers, this is viewed as an advantage since they know that every time the retailer makes a move, prices drop and therefore the company is seen as a better option by many. Efficiency is one factor that Wal-Mart has achieved by investing in modern systems. The company has been able to transact business worldwide with ease while at the same time minimizing cost. The fact that Wal-Mart has created a positive image for itself has ensured a constant demand for services and goods something which competitors have not been able to match. Wal-Mart has maintained a public image and therefore this helps. How to cite Wal-Mart Performance, Papers

River Ganga free essay sample

The Ganges River is the greatest waterway in India, it is one of the longest rivers in the world. The Ganges river flows through Bangladesh, but the greater part of it flows through India. The river begins high in the Himalayas as a pair of head streams. It begins in an ice cave in the mountains about 10,300 feet above sea level. The river flows across the northern corner of India. The Ganges flows across India and Bangladesh until it empties out into the Bay of Bengal. The great river provides water to many places, and many places rely on it. Sizes The river known as the Ganges is officially and popularly known by its Hindu name, Ganga. The river has its source in the Himalayas, at Gaumakh in the southern Himalayas on the Indian side of the Tibetan border. It is 1 560 miles (2 510 km) long and flows through China, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay sample on River Ganga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Ganges river basin is one of the most fertile and densely populated in the world and covers an area of 400 000 sq miles (1 000 000 sq km). The river flows through 29 cities with population over 100,000, 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000, and about 48 towns. Uses River Ganges is a Holy river for many religions. Hindus believe bathing in the river purifies them. The river is also used for water burial. A floatable pyre is constructed for the body and set alight, it is then released into the river. Maps Cool Facts †¢ The river starts in an ice cave on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, some 10,300 feet (3,140 meters) above sea level. †¢ Sheer volume of waste estimated at nearly 1 billion litres per day of mostly untreated raw sewage . †¢ The Bhagirathi and Aleksandra join each other at Devprayag to form River Ganga. Speech Connor and I chose this river because he studied it in year 6, at his old school and thought I might find it interesting.

Flirtation with Teams free essay sample

Levi Strauss co is the largest maker of brand-name clothing in the world. It has had a long history of being profitable, good to its workers, and charitable to its factory towns. Compared with other companies in the apparel industry. Levis Strauss had been known for generous wages and good working conditions. According to chairman Robert Haas, Levi’s treatment of its workers and concern for their welfare is far greater than in other companies in the industry. When the other American apparel firms moved their manufacturing offshore, Levis Strauss co maintained a large American manufacturing base and was often ranked as one of the best companies to work for. In fact, in 1997 the company received an award from the United Nations for improving global workplace standards. Up until 1992, Levi’s employees worked on their own operating machines in which they performed a single, specific, and repetitive task, such as sewing zippers or belt loops on jeans. We will write a custom essay sample on Flirtation with Teams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pay was based on a piece rate system, in which workers were paid a set amount for each piece of work completed. A worker’s productivity and pay was highly dependent on levels of skill, speed, and stamina. By 1992, however, Levis Strauss Company began to feel the pressure of overseas, low-cost competitors, and realized it needed to increased productivity and reduce costs to remain competitive and keep their North American plants open. The company decided that the best that the best solution was teamwork. In a memo sent to workers, Levi’s operations vice-president wrote, â€Å"This change will lead to a self-managed work environment that will reduce stress and help employees become more productive. Teamwork was felt to be a humane, safe, and profitable solution that would be consistent with the company’s philosophy. Under the new philosophy, gone was the old system of performing a single task all the time and the piece rate system that went it. Now groups of 10 to 50 workers shared the tasks and would be paid for the total number of trousers that the group completed. The t eam system was expected to lower the monotony of piecework by enabling workers to do different tasks and to therefore lower repetitive-stress injuries. Although employees were given brief seminars and training on team building and problem solving, it was not long team building and problem solving, it was not long before problems began to arise. Top performers complained about their less skilled and shower teammates who caused a decline in their wages. Meanwhile, the wages of lower-skilled workers tried to rid their group of slow workers. To make matters, top performers responded to their wages by reducing their productivity. Not surprisingly, employee morale began to deteriorate. Another problem was that whenever a group member was absent or slow, the rest of the team had to make up for it. This exacerbated the infighting among team members and resulted in excessive peer pressure. In one instance, an enraged worker had to be restrained from throwing a chair at a team member who constantly harassed her about working too slowly, and in another incident, a worker threatened to kill a member of her team. An off-duty sheriff’s deputy had to be placed at the plant’s front entrance. Because the group had limited supervision, they had to resolve group problems on their own, and they also divided up the work of absent members themselves. In some plants, team members would chase each other out of the bathroom and nurse’s station. Slower teammates were often criticized, needled, and resented and simply quit. In one group, a member was voted off her team because she planned to have hand surgery. And although workers were now part of a team system, management was not given guidance on how to implement the system. As a result, each manager his or her own idea of how the team system should work, including team size, structure, pay formulas, and shop-floor layouts. One former production manager described the situation as worse than chaos and more like hell! To make matters worse, the team system did not improve the situation for Levi’s. Lab our and overhead costs increased by up to 25 percent during the first years of the team system. Efficiency, based on the quantity of pants produced per hour worked, drooped to 77 percent of pre-team levels. Although productivity began to improve, it is now only at 93 percent of the piecework level. Even in some of the company’s best plants, production has fallen and remained at lower levels since the introductions of teams. And though one of the reasons for adopting the team system was to lower the high costs of injuries that resulted from workers pushing themselves to achieve piece-rate goals, these costs continued to rise in many plants even after the team approach was implemented. Profit margins also began to decline as competitors began offering private-level jeans at two-thirds the price of level’s, and Levi’s market share of men’s denim jeans in the united states fell 48 percent in 1990 to 26 percent in 1997. As a costs continued to increase, plant managers were warned that they would face an uncertain future they cut costs by 28 percent by the end of year. Teams did, however, result in some improvements. For example, the average turnaround time of receiving an order and shipping it was reduced from nine to seven weeks. As well, because the teams were responsible for producing completed pairs of pants, there was less work-in-process at the end of each day compared with the piece-rate system, where each worker did only one part of the job. And according to Robert Haas, teams allowed workers to manage themselves and to find better and safer ways of working. Nonetheless, the team system did not help Levi’s achieve its objectives. In February 1997, then CEO and current board chair Robert Haas announced that the company would cut its salaried workforce by 20 percent in the next 12 months. The following November, the company closed 11 factories in the United States and laid off, one worker described it as a †relief† from the burden and stress that had become part of her job. Commenting on the team approach, a new retired former manufacturing manager said, â€Å"we created s lot of anxiety and pain and suffering in our people, and for what? † according to a production manager who has taken early retirement, â€Å"it’s just not the same company anymore. The perceived value of the individual and the concern for people just is not there. † A veteran worker who had gone back to the old system of doing a single task and was now paid in part for what she produced said, â€Å"I hate teams. Levi’s is not the place it used to be. In February 1999, as sales of Levi’s jeans continued to fall, the company let go another 5900 workers, or 30 percent of its remaining 22 plants in North America. According to company officials plant closings might have been sooner and job losers greater if they had not adopted the team system. In 2003, due to substantial drops in net sales over the last three years, the company implemented more measures to recoup some of its losses, including closing 37 of its factories worldwide and instead using independent contract manufacturers. The company closed its remaining North American manufacturing facilities; its San Antonio operations closed at the end of 2003 and its three Canadian operations closed in march 2004. The closures affected some 2000 employees. The Canadian plants were considered among the most efficient in the company. As such, Levi Strauss co. now manufactures 100 percent of its jeans for the North America, compared with 15 percent in 1991, and none 20 years ago.

Tell Asmar Statuettes, Victory Stele of Naram-sin, Law Code of Hammurabi, Ishtar Gate.

Tell Asmar Statuettes, Victory Stele of Naram-sin, Law Code of Hammurabi, Ishtar Gate. 1) Tell Asmar Statuettes -dated around 2700-2600 B.C. and came from Sumerian architecture. These statuettes were from the Abu temple and these statuettes represented the goddesses. The tallest one was 30 inches high, which was the god of vegetation. In correlation, the rest of the statuettes, all had their purposes in representing different kinds of goddesses.2) Victory Stele of Naram-sin - was during the Akkad period, which was around 2230 B.C. and made out of pink sandstone. It was also about six feet and six inches tall. Originally, this stele was erected in the town of Sippar, to the north of Babylon. In addition, the sculpture illustrates the victory over the mountain people of western Iran by Naram-Sin, which was the fourth king of the Semite dynasty of Akkad.Hammurabi Code3) Law Code of Hammurabi- was made during the era of the old Babylonian period under the rule of King Hammurabi. The inscriptions of his codes were inscribed on a black basalt stele, beneath King Hammurabi an d the shamash. The sculpture is approximately seven feet tall. It was made around 1792-1750 B.C. and King Hammurabi himself along with the shamash writing all of the laws down, while the king is dictating them to him.4) Ishtar Gate- built by Nebuchadnezzar II in 575 B.C. in Babylon was a glazed-brick structure decorated with figures of bulls and dragons, symbols of the weather god Adad and of Marduk. The repeated design served as a guide for the ritual processions from the city to the temple. The gate was made out of blue-gazed enamel bricks and edged with white and gold geometric designs. I have learnt a lot just from looking at such beautiful architecture. After researching the detailed facts, I have realized that this took lots of effort, manpower, very...

Equity and Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Equity and Trust - Essay Example The settlor also uses the word â€Å"confidence† in that he was confident that Pamela will carry out his express wishes with advice from his solicitor. However, taken together the words expressing the trust may be interpreted as precatory as it is not altogether clear what the settlor’s intention are in terms of securing the kid’s future.5 However, since the settlor used the word trust in referring to the specific terms of the gift, there is no doubt that he intended to create a trust for the benefit of the children and intended that his wife determine how best to secure his children’s future as their trustee. Thus the certainty of intention has been satisfied in respect of the gift to Pamela. The requirement of certainty of subject and object will give effect to the settlor’s intention if sufficiently identifiable.6 Thus the certainty of subject matter is satisfied if the property to be transferred to the trust is identifiable and administratively possible.7 The settlor transferred 500,000 pounds to his wife Pamela with the specific instructions that the funds were to be held by her upon trust for their children. Thus there is no uncertainty relative to the subject matter of the trust and as such it is administratively possible. Therefore certainty of subject matter is sufficiently made out to constitute a valid declaration of trust. Certainty of objects is satisfied if the words used to create the trust identifies beneficiaries or a class of beneficiaries with sufficient clarity that the trustees or the courts can identify the beneficiaries.8 The gift to Pamela refers to their children and thus there can be no doubt that all children shared by Pamela and her husband are the beneficiaries of the trust and can be easily identified. It therefore follows that each of the three certainties are satisfied in the gift to Pamela and a valid, enforceable trust was created. b. The Gift for the Settlor’s Best Friends and their Re latives The gift of 100,000 pounds for the settlor’s best friends and their relatives must meet the certainty of objects requirement if it is to be a valid, enforceable trust. Essentially, when the settlor refers to a class of beneficiaries and does not specifically identify the members of the class, the courts require that there must be a conceptual certainty as to who makes up the members of the class of beneficiaries.9 The class of beneficiaries must be of sufficient certainty so that the trust itself is administratively possible. The trustees must be in a position to identify those who make up the members of the group forming the beneficiaries of the trust so that at some later time, otherwise, trustees may find themselves confronting a number of claims for breach of trust. For instance a trust for the residents of a specific community would be administratively impossible since the trustees would have an onerous task of having to identify those who are residents and wheth er or not present or future residents fall